Structural design of positive electrode material
main content
As the core component of lithium battery, anode material directly determines the energy density, cycle life and safety of the battery. It is like a sophisticated ion exchange station, which completes the mutual conversion of chemical energy and electric energy through the embedding and detaching of lithium ions during the charging and discharging process. Currently, the mainstream technology routes include lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO₄), ternary materials (NCM/NCA) and lithium manganate (LiMn₂O₄), each of which seeks to strike a balance between safety, performance and cost. In this article, we will unravel the scientific mysteries behind anode materials from the structural design.
Aluminum Foil Collector
The Mystery of Conductive Skeleton The positive active material is uniformly coated on the surface of 10-20μm-thick aluminum foil through binder (e.g., PVDF). The conductivity of aluminum (3.5×10⁷ S/m) is 60% of that of copper, but its lightweight characteristics can reduce the overall weight of the battery. The surface roughness is controlled at 0.5-1.5 μm to ensure firm attachment of the active substance.
Porous Electrode Layer: Ionic Highway
Thickness control: 80-120μm coating thickness balances the ion transport efficiency and electrode mechanical strength, and over-thickness will lead to lithium ion diffusion obstruction (20% increase in polarization);
Porosity optimization: 30%-40% porosity to form nanoscale pores (50-200nm in diameter), which ensures electrolyte wetting and maintains structural stability;
Conductive network: add 3%-5% of acetylene black or carbon nanotubes to construct a three-dimensional conductive skeleton, and the electron migration rate is enhanced to 1×10-³ S/cm.
Micro-morphology regulation
Spherical particles (5-15 μm in diameter) prepared by spray-drying method can improve the compacted density (lithium iron phosphate up to 2.6 g/cm³), while nanoscale surface coating (e.g., 2 nm alumina layer) can inhibit the dissolution of transition metals and reduce the high-temperature capacity decay rate by 40%.
Conclusion
From the stable fortress of olivine structure to the energy peak of layered oxides, every breakthrough of anode materials is rewriting the boundary of human energy utilization. In the future, with the rise of new systems such as sodium-ion batteries and lithium-sulfur batteries, anode materials will not only be a carrier of energy, but also a technological bridge connecting sustainable energy and zero-carbon society.
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